Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Way of Knowing

  • • Science knowledge has a history that includes the refinement of, and changes to, theories, ideas, and beliefs over time.

• Science Is a Human Endeavor

  • • Science is a result of human endeavors, imagination, and creativity.

    • Individuals and teams from many nations and cultures have contributed to science and to advances in engineering.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Theories and laws provide explanations in science, but theories do not with time become laws or facts.

    • Laws are statements or descriptions of the relationships among observable phenomena.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Way of Knowing

  • • Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the processes used to refine, elaborate, revise, and extend this knowledge.

• Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems

  • • Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Human Endeavor

  • • Technological advances have influenced the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology.

    • Science and engineering are influenced by society and society is influenced by science and engineering.

• Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • Science investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Way of Knowing

  • • Science knowledge has a history that includes the refinement of, and changes to, theories, ideas, and beliefs over time.

• Science Is a Human Endeavor

  • • Science is a result of human endeavors, imagination, and creativity.

    • Individuals and teams from many nations and cultures have contributed to science and to advances in engineering.

• Science Knowledge Is Based on Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

    • Science disciplines share common rules of evidence used to evaluate explanations about natural systems.

    • Science includes the process of coordinating patterns of evidence with current theory.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Human Endeavor

  • • Technological advances have influenced the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology.

    • Science and engineering are influenced by society and society is influenced by science and engineering.

• Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • Science investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data.

    • New technologies advance scientific knowledge.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is a Human Endeavor

  • • Science and engineering are influenced by society and society is influenced by science and engineering.

• Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • The discourse practices of science are organized around disciplinary domains that share exemplars for making decisions regarding the values, instruments, methods, models, and evidence to adopt and use.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems

  • • Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Models, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools in the development of a scientific theory.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems

  • • Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Models, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools in the development of a scientific theory.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World

  • • Science knowledge indicates what can happen in natural systems—not what should happen. The latter involves ethics, values, and human decisions about the use of knowledge.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • Science investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Knowledge Is Based on Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

    • Science disciplines share common rules of evidence used to evaluate explanations about natural systems.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World

  • • Not all questions can be answered by science.

    • Science and technology may raise ethical issues for which science, by itself, does not provide answers and solutions.

    • Science knowledge indicates what can happen in natural systems—not what should happen. The latter involves ethics, values, and human decisions about the use of knowledge.

    • Many decisions are not made using science alone, but rely on social and cultural contexts to resolve issues.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Scientific Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • The discourse practices of science are organized around disciplinary domains that share exemplars for making decisions regarding the values, instruments, methods, models, and evidence to adopt and use.

• Newton's second law accurately predicts changes in the motion of macroscopic objects.
• Momentum is defined for a particular frame of reference; it is the mass time the velocity of the object. In any system, total momentum is always conserved.
• If a system interacts with objects outside itself, the total momentum of the system can change; however, any such change is balanced by changes in the momentum of objects outside the system.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science is a Way of Knowing

  • • Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the processes used to refine, elaborate, revise, and extend this knowledge.

    • Science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing through use of empirical standards, logical arguments, and skeptical review.

• Science Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Theories and laws provide explanations in science, but theories do not with time become laws or facts.

    • A scientific theory is a substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment and the science community validates each theory before it is accepted. If new evidence is discovered that the theory does not accommodate, the theory is generally modified in light of this new evidence.

    • Models, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools in the development of a scientific theory.

    • Laws are statements or descriptions of the relationships among observable phenomena.

• Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law provide the mathematical models to describe and predict the effects of gravitational and electrostatic forces between distant objects.
• Forces at a distance are explained by fields (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) permeating space that can transfer energy through space. Magnets or electric currents cause magnetic fields; electric charges or changing magnetic fields cause electric fields.
• Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects. (HS-PS1-1), (secondary to HS-PS1-3)

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science is a Way of Knowing

  • • Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the processes used to refine, elaborate, revise, and extend this knowledge.

    • Science distinguishes itself from other ways of knowing through use of empirical standards, logical arguments, and skeptical review

    • Science knowledge has a history that includes the refinement of, and changes to, theories, ideas, and beliefs over time.

• Science Knowledge Is Based On Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

    • Science disciplines share common rules of evidence used to evaluate explanations about natural systems.

    • Science includes the process of coordinating patterns of evidence with current theory.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Theories and laws provide explanations in science, but theories do not with time become laws or facts.

    • A scientific theory is a substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment and the science community validates each theory before it is accepted. If new evidence is discovered that the theory does not accommodate, the theory is generally modified in light of this new evidence.

    • Models, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools in the development of a scientific theory.

    • Laws are statements or descriptions of the relationships among observable phenomena.

• Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system. That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that a system’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and between its various possible forms.
• At the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways, such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy.
• These relationships are better understood at the microscopic scale, at which all of the different manifestations of energy can be modeled as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles and energy associated with the configuration (relative position of the particles). In some cases the relative position energy can be thought of as stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles). This last concept includes radiation, a phenomenon in which energy stored in fields moves across space.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is A Way Of Knowing

  • • Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the processes used to refine, elaborate, revise, and extend this knowledge.

    • Science knowledge has a history that includes he refinement of, and changes to, theories, ideas, and beliefs over time.

• Science Investigations Use a Variety of Methods

  • • Scientific investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data.

• Scientific Knowledge Is Based On Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

    • Science disciplines share common rules of evidence used to evaluate explanations about natural systems.

• Conservation of energy means that the total change of energy in any system is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out of the system.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transported from one place to another and transferred between systems.
• Mathematical expressions, which quantify how the stored energy in a system depends on its configuration (e.g. relative positions of charged particles, compression of a spring) and how kinetic energy depends on mass and speed, allow the concept of conservation of energy to be used to predict and describe system behavior.
• The availability of energy limits what can occur in any system.
• Uncontrolled systems always evolve toward more stable states—that is, toward more uniform energy distribution (e.g., water flows downhill, objects hotter than their surrounding environment cool down).

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems

  • • Scientific knowledge is based on the assumption that natural laws operate today as they did in the past and they will continue to do so in the future.

    • Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

• Scientific Investigation Use A Variety Of Methods

  • • The discourse practices of science are organized around disciplinary domains that share exemplars for making decisions regarding the values, instruments, methods, models, and evidence to adopt and use.

• Science Knowledge Is Based On Empirical Evidence

  • • Science disciplines share common rules of evidence used to evaluate explanations about natural systems.

• When two objects interacting through a field change relative position, the energy stored in the field is changed.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is A Way of Knowing

  • • Science is both a body of knowledge that represents a current understanding of natural systems and the process used to refine, elaborate, revise, and extend this knowledge.

• Scientific Knowledge Assumes An Order And Consistency In Natural Systems

  • • Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

• Science Knowledge Is Based On Empirical Evidence

  • • Science knowledge is based on empirical evidence.

    • Science includes the process of coordinating patterns of evidence with current theory.

• Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena

  • • Models, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools in the development of a scientific theory.

• The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave, which depends on the type of wave and the medium through which it is passing.
• Information can be digitized (e.g., a picture stored as the values of an array of pixels); in this form, it can be stored reliably in computer memory and sent over long distances as a series of wave pulses.
• Waves can add or cancel one another as they cross, depending on their relative phase (i.e., relative position of peaks and troughs of the waves), but they emerge unaffected by each other. (Boundary: The discussion at this grade level is qualitative only; it can be based on the fact that two different sounds can pass a location in different directions without getting mixed up.)
• Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is A Human Endeavor

  • • Science is a result of human endeavors, imagination, and creativity.

    • Individuals and teams from many nations and cultures have contributed to science and to advances in engineering.

    • Technological advances have influenced the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology.

• Scientific Investigations Use A Variety Of Methods

  • • Science investigations use diverse methods and do not always use the same set of procedures to obtain data.

    • New technologies advance scientific knowledge.

    • The discourse practices of science are organized around disciplinary domains that share exemplars for making decisions regarding the values, instruments, methods, models, and evidence to adopt and use.

    • Scientific investigations use a variety of methods, tools, and techniques to revise and produce new knowledge.

• Multiple technologies based on the understanding of waves and their interactions with matter are part of everyday experiences in the modern world (e.g., medical imaging, communications, scanners) and in scientific research. They are essential tools for producing, transmitting, and capturing signals and for storing and interpreting the information contained in them.

Related Nature of Science Standards:

• Science Is A Human Endeavor

  • • Science is a result of human endeavors, imagination, and creativity.

    • Individuals and teams from many nations and cultures have contributed to science and to advances in engineering.

    • Technological advances have influenced the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology.

    • Science and engineering are influenced by society and society is influenced by science and engineering.

• Science Addresses Questions About The Natural And Material World

  • • Science and technology may raise ethical issues for which science, by itself, does not provide answers and solutions.

    • Science knowledge indicates what can happen in natural systems—not what should happen. The latter involves ethics, values, and human decisions about the use of knowledge.

    • Many decisions are not made using science alone, but rely on social and cultural contexts to resolve issues.

• Scientific Investigations Use A Variety Of Methods

  • • New technologies advance scientific knowledge.

    • Scientific inquiry is characterized by a common set of values that include: logical thinking, precision, open-mindedness, objectivity, skepticism, replicability of results, and honest and ethical reporting of findings.

    • The discourse practices of science are organized around disciplinary domains that share exemplars for making decisions regarding the values, instruments, methods, models, and evidence to adopt and use.

    • Scientific investigations use a variety of methods, tools, and techniques to revise and produce new knowledge.